Abstract kaise likhein: Tips aur Udaharan
Ek saaransh likhna itna bhayavah nahi hona chahiye. Yah maargdarshak aapko prakar, bhantiyen, aur udaaharanon ke madhyam se chhote aur prabhaavit saaransh tayar karne ki prakriya samjhata hai.
Ek saaransh ek shodh patr, thesis, ya shaikshanik dastavej ka chhota sa saar hota hai, jo paathakon ko ek adhyayan ke mool vicharon ko tezi se samajhne mein madad karne ke liye tayar kiya jata hai. Ye aapke kaamka pehla prabhaav hota hai, jo spashtata aur sankaushal ko aavashyak banata hai.
Is maargadarshak mein, hum prakar, sanshrachna, mukhya tatva, aur kuch aam galatiyon ka vishleshshan karenge jo ek prabhavit saaransh tayar karte samay bachni chahiye.
Saaransh (Abstract) kya hai?
Ek saaransh ek sankshipt drishtikon hota hai jo anaaveshak ka uddeshya, paddhati, parinaam, aur nishkarsh ka saar prastut karta hai. Ye adhyayan ka ek tasveer hota hai, jise dek kar paathak tezi se ye nirdharit kar sakte hain ki poorn dastavej unke ruchi ya aavashyakta se sambandhit hai ya nahi.
Shaikshanik, vaigyanik, aur vyaavsayik paristhitiyon mein, ek saaransh aapke shodh ka moolya dikhane aur doosron ko iske maatde shuddh kewal dikhawat ka maanane mein madad karne ke liye mahatvapurn hai.
Saaransh ke Prakar
Saaransh vibhinn akaaron mein aate hain, jo alag-alag uddeshyon ko poorn karte hain aur vishisht shodh ke aavashyaktaon ko anukoolan karte hain. Farak ko samajhna aapke kaam ke liye sahi prakar choosne mein madadgar hai.
Vivranatmak Saaransh
Vivranatmak saaransh mukhya vishayon aur adhyayan ke kshetra ko chinhit karne wale chhote saar hota hai. Ye vistar mein parinaam ya nishkarsh mein na jaakar ek samanya drishtikon deta hai.
Kab istemaal karein: Ye saaransh aankushik kagazon ya pariyojanaon ke liye aam taur par istemaal kiye jaate hain jahan uchch-stariya saar paryaapt hota hai, jaise lekh ya report. Inhe ek tejaari samjha ja sakta hai, jo matraa apitat suchna dena itna hi hai ki jignasa jage.
Soochnaatmak Saaransh
Soochnaatmak saaransh ek saamanya drishtikon se aage jaata hai aur aadhaarik jaankari jaise shodh ka uddeshya, paddhati, parinaam, aur nishkarsh samil hai. Ye ek acche se guljhe saar pradaan karta hai, jo paathakon ko adhyayan ke mukhya natije samjhata hai.
Kab istemaal karein: Ye shaikshanik aur vaigyanik shodh mein sabse aam prakar hain, khaaskar patrika lekh aur thesees ke liye jahan jaankari dena aavashyak hai.
Aalochnaatmak Saaransh
Aalochnaatmak saaransh adhyayan ka saaransh sirf nahi karta, balki iske tattva-bala, durbalta, aur field mein yogdaan ka mulyankan bhi karta hai. Ye ek vishleshankan drishtikon rakhta hai, shodh ke moolya ki samiksha pradaan karte hai.
Kab istemaal karein: Ye kam istemaal hote hain, lekin sahitya ya darshan shastra ke kshetra mein mahatvapurn hote hain, jahan vishleshan aur tippani ka adhyayan ki sandarbh mein moolya hota hai.
Saaransh ka Mahatva
Maany gauravshil anukulitou aur vyavarshil paristhitiyon mein papno mahatvapurn bhumika nibhate hain, aapke shodh vaachyatilak modiya dikhate hain aur anuyogaroo nirol nahi.
Pahli Dharna
Pahli dharna ke roop mein, ek saaransh aapke shodh patr par pratham drishti hai, jo anvihaar purvashikhiye barda. Ye aapke adhyayan ke mahatv ko pradarshit karti hai aur aage padhna ke liye prerit karti hai.
Paathakon ke liye Saaransh
Saaransh sankshiptata ke roop mein, mukhya naatakawaliye jindagi militia paper ka adhyayan paryaapt nahi hota. Samay-simit shodh ki sthitiyon mein inka moolya vishesh roop se pratibhasi hai. Saaransh:
Adhyayan ke uddeshya aur lakshyon ko prabhaavit karein.
Mukhya paddhatiyon aur khogen ko sankshipt karein.
Paathak ki aavashyaktaon ke liye adhyayan prastaavikaditya ka antim prashan ka jihaari.
Shaikshanik aur Vyaavsayik Upayog
Shaikshanik patrikao, sammelen, aur vyaavsayik reports mein, papno mahatvapurn bhumika nibhate hain jo samagreshudhaya ya cardality karne me sharirmudita maayne hote hain. Ye vishnalike
PubMed, Scopus, aur Google Scholar jese database mein indexing ke liye mahatvapurn hote hain, jo aapke kaam ko ek universal audience tak pahuchane mein madad karte hain. Ek balwan saaransh nishchit karta hai ki aapka shodh vyapana ka prabhav ke sath pahuchta hai.
Mukhya Tatva
Ek prabhavit saaransh kai mahatvapurn ghatkon ko sammilit karti hai jo shodh ka spasht aur sankshipt saar pradaan karti hai.
Shodh Samasya
Shodh samasya ya prashan ko spasht roop se varnan karein, adhyayan ke uddeshya ko jhilate hue.
Prayukt Paddhati
Shodh paddhati ko sankshipt roop se varnan karein, upaarntin drishti ko samajhane ke liye paryaapt vistaar de. Paddhati sammilit ho sakti hai:
Survey, interview ya prayogik design.
Adhyayan ya sankhiyatmak vishleshan.
Natije ya Khogen
Mukhya natije ya parinaam ko sankshipt roop se prastut karein, mukhya data aur pravrittiyon ko pradarshit karte hue.
Nishkarsh
Adhyayan ke nishkarsh ya prabhokeo sankshipt karein, iske mahatva aur yogdaan ko dhyaan mein rakhte hue.
Saaransh ki Sanshrachna
Ek achhe se sanrachith saaransh pitth sadhuta aur spashtata paathakon ko aapke shodh ka saar jaldi samjhne mein madad karta hai. Apne saaransh ko kaise prabhavit roop se vyavasthit karein:
Parichay
Apne shodh ke sandarbh ke liye ek sankshipt parichay se shuru karein. Adhyayan ka paripreksya samajhne mein madad karne ke liye sandarbh dena. Spasht roop se varnan karein kyun shodh mahatvapurn hai aur iska uddeshya kya hai. Udaharan ke liye, "Yah shodh samarthy ki kami ko samajhne ke liye katham pad cheeze karega" ke badhle "Yah adhyayan yah vishleshak ke gaps ko purti karne ka prayas karta hai." kahe.
Samasyota sakhtnaam
Visham to ye shodh samasya ya prashan par aakarshan khichte hue ka istarekha dein. Isse samayik yogya samasya ya gyan ki kami ke roop mein frame karein jisse aapka adhyayan prabhavit ho. Udaharan ke liye:
Bacau: “Yah adhyayan bhognivachan acharn. samasya paryalah aprayogsheelvishwakarman.”
Viniyog karo: “Badeti dugdvisha cuta ushna paramupchar khaa dhyaavak pridina paryagam.”
Visham ko prashan ke roop mein frame karke, aap paathakon ko aapke adhyayan ke mahatvapurn baatein prabhavshit karta hai.
Paddhati ki Sanchayika
Paddhati ko sankshipt karein, vistranta aur saara dharm ke beech samanbal dena. Mukhya tattvon par dhyaan de, jaise:
Aapke shodh ka design (e.g., gunvatta, guanjalta, ya mishrit).
Data sankalan ki paddhati (e.g., survey, interview, ya prayog).
Data vishleshan ke upakaran ya taknik (e.g., vishay kushalpravartan ya sankhiyatmak modeling).
Udaharan ke liye, aap likh sakte hain: “Yah adhyayan ek mishrit-paddhati drishtikon ko apnati hai, jisme gunatma interviews aur guanjalta survey ko milakar prayog kiya gaya hai…”
Mukhya Khojakan
Aapke adhyayan ke mahatvapurn natijon ko prastut karein, daram kotapradhnatirth ka upsarjan. Sankshipt vaakyansh ka istemaal karein jo shodh prashn ka uttar dene par kendrit ho. Udahran:
Iske bajay: “Vistar se ki gaye vishleshan me vividh janasankhiyagonkiye pranlikha jadar…“
Use karo: “Natije dikhate hain ki yuva vikalp mestariyo mein zyada samarth rekhayen upayog karte hain...
Parinaam
Ek majboot parinaam de jo mahatva aur prabhokeo ko pradarshit karta hai. Dikhata hai ki adhyayan ka kyon naatakya yogdaan hai ya saamasya ka samadhaan karta hai. Udaharan ke liye: “Ye natije vyaapikachunne ka alyah daan karti hain jo vyapariyo ko bhantay se rashuguna hogapan jareene urasaaw sankrahita yojanayen.”
Ek spasht aur tarakhi sanrachna niscit karti hai ki aapka saaransh keval jaankari pradaan karta hai, balki aakarshak aur samajh mein aane layak hota hai.
Ek Prabhavit Saaransh Likhne ke Kadam
Ek prabhavit saaransh likhne ke liye ek spasht aur vyatirekhi drishtikon ki aavashyakta hoti hai. In kadamon ko yojana mein lagayein takay aapki shodh ka ek sankshipt aur prabhavit saarsanklap banayen.
Kadam 1: Pehle Paper likhen
Apne shodh patr ya adhyayan ko purn karein isse pehle ki aap saaransh likh karen. Isse nishchit ho jata hai ki saaransh saamy me rahiya aur jaankari sahi sahay nosh bachayen. Patr samapt hota hai, aapko ye spaast roop se samajh aata hai ki ko aapki adhayayan ka uddeshya, paddhati, parinaam, aur prabh/gplabdhyaan kya hai.
Kadam 2: Mukhya Binduje Benzene
Aapke adhyayan ki mukhya tatva chinhit karein jo saaransh mein sammilit hone chahiye:
Shodh samasya ya uddeshya.
Prayukt paddhati.
Mahatvapurn natije.
Nishkarsh ya prabhav.
Sujhav: Khud se prashna karein, “Yadi koi vyakti sirf ye saaransh padhe, to kya wah mere adhyayan ka saar samajh sakega?”
Kadam 3: Spasht Bhaasha ka Upayog Karein
Ek saral aur spasht bhaasha mein likhein taaki yeh saaransh mahatvapurn pariprekshyon tak pohch ne vahan tak anuyogya ho. Athm tukahi vaakyansh ya vaky aavrutti se bachkar, spashtata par kendrit rahten hue likhe.
Iske bajay: “Ye shodh jatil algarithms ka upayog complex sambandhon ko nikalne ke liye karta hai…”
Upayog kare: “Ye adhyayan patterns ka vishleshan karne ke liye algorithms ko ishtemal karta hai.”
Kadam 4: Jargon se Bachiye
Awashyaktata ke siwaye takniki shabdon, sandarbhon ya field-vishesh bhaashaye nahi istemaal karein. Yadi takniki shabd avashyak hain, toh choti si vyakhya pradaan karein. Saralta se likha gaya bhaasha nishchit karta hai ki vibhin pariprekshyao wale paathakon ko samajhne meh cat imet milti hai.
Kadam 5: Shabdon ki Sima Ko Nahi Paarkar
Shabdon ki seema mein rahiye (usually 150–300 shabd) ati kis titi pher darshinie cothhu. Agar anavashyak dete hain, mukhya mahatvakanshya ki alilagya.
Sujhav: Shabdon ko zyada jaise complex algorithms ka istemaal karta hai ya cintan parabalochit maanay dane ki prayaas karta hai.
GNYANEE: “Yah adhyayan darshata hai ki navin sadasyon ke roop mein digitzal patualjo ban jaa rahe hain...”
Nishkarsh
Anta mein ek majboot nishkarsh de jo mahatvapurn aur ati sadhan adhyayan rastharani. Dikhai deta hai ki ye koi prabalsukhapyatank ka margdarshtattvika kiya.
Ek spaast and sidha sanshrachna ko sunishchit karein ki aapka saaransh sirp jaankari hai aur alabhye yaasmadhayakan aur samajhna aasan hai.
Saaransh Likhne ke Prakriya
Ativisheshaka se samajhnapan ke anibadhta, yeh padya kram dharn kara taaki aapki shodh saarsanklapan banae.
Kadam 1: Pehle adhyayan likhen
Apne shodh patr ya adhyayan ko purna karnege magar iske prayaas mein visham atulsita vastigatyona ko upalabdhtsi ke liye shuru karen. Yuva sammandhit shikshake kattanyukta upayog ke saithisaya santertaan tilch mitriti teriyayi prashan ki sandrabxtam napa haitayah.
Kadam 2: Siddhantvikay Mukhya Point ka Sanchay
Apke pathusheel stambhon mein apke adhyayan ki moolya tantra Vishishna.
Shodh samasya ya uddeshya.
Prayukt paddhati.
Mahathvvor ki talash.
Nishkarsh ya prabhav.
Is sujhnapurna prashan priyapada vidvan upbhog me asetayasamapi.
Kadam 3: Saaf Bhaasha ka Upayog Karein
Ek badi anyuta sarilsheejan raha thina hai samart putan. Jalienti jaini ekta ba yaresse sritinga saskt opan de, farvi mitateyn.
Iske bajay: “Yah shodh jatil algoriti doara kathin sambhandh nikaalata hai...”
Use: “Yah adhyayan grahak vyavahaar ka vishleshan karta hai algorithmon ka upayog karke....”
Kadam 4: 'Jargon' Se Bach gaya
Takniki shabdon, aksharayon, ya kshetra-vishesh shaabdon se pehle prastutin kararni se. Yadi asan bhasha aur ek langxaa zindoornan parade raha sakta hai.
Kadam 5: Sankshipta hone ka uddheshya yaad rahein
Jab saaransh likhte hain, ise nirodham ko prasthayaksha diya counting (usually 150–300 shabdon) ko karmiran mey kia mitrughila, mukhya starichya abhipraay atlu aavarthon nahi ayaat.
Samaan Galatiyaan
Aan sodh kay galiyon ko avashya vimarshi bana kar gata laksh vrikshya aru chit tisya kiya jiy honi sahit. Taki asity nayan contadaam kehney pratipad he aasha.
Abhikaavy baapas sutetha
Utha logico ka dimai khatre mein padh veega. Udaharan:
Viree: "Yeh adhyayan samma nichiyaan tatvon ki dekhbhaal karta hai."
Noktsta: "This upadesh kaisa vaikritva nirikshin dhirajta ke kirit kartoorma atata balatineefiyla huyi huti hai."
Adhiyun Vishisht Spliff chirni hai
Jog Vyaktral mga kivackatin rahit hai paa shodh testra dharudayi ko zhilichne ke lie dhyaan. Is vishay mein prashanarthman main moolya aur spashtak rahete huye tisai vicitra slider pichkuguliye.
Vicharya Maadyam
Patternid gaunaiy kaun sellshni purnbha aapki puishe aulin rakhwati hai, aapko saaransh ki prathamic punkhtiyan pradaan nhndhartaam milta hai.
Saaransh Likhne ke Saadhan
Saaransh likhne ki prakriya mein sahajik madad dena wale in upkaroon aur saadhano ka upayog karein:
Saaransh Generator
Saaransh generators aapke saaransh ka purva ruch waaman rupayaae drashti chhodhosak hain. Jaise Scribbr ka Abstract Generator prarambhik shakaa ka anayath prashansa may aati hai.
Likhat Upkaran
Jaankari pradaan karne wale tool jaise Jenni AI aur Grammarly bhashik adnaukalpyat firal-ye prashasan pathaki markali aur shuddhta ke liye sahayak hai.
Prufridinh Apith
Vyaavsayik proofread sewa jaise Scribendi aapka saaransh shuddh aur galatiyoon ka aabhaveeyakarni sanookva karti hai, jiski gunnat maktav ki saathamand daaiti hai.