Author ke bina kaise cite karein (APA, MLA, Chicago, aur Harvard Udaharan)

Jab aap academic papers likhte hain, aap aksar apne vicharon ko support karne ke liye sources par nirbhar karte hain. Lekin kya hota hai jab aapke source ke paas koi author listed nahi hota? Ye webpages, reports, ya organizational publications ke sath ho sakta hai.

Bina author ke cite kaise karna hai, ye jaanna mahatvapurn hai taaki aapka kaam sahi, vishwaasneeya, aur naitik bane rahe. Har citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, aur Harvard) gaarib author ke sath thoda alag dhang se maamla karta hai. Ye guide saaf udaharan aur vyavhaarik kadmo ke sath ye sab ke baare mein bataata hai, jo aap follow kar sakte hain.

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Citations Bina Authors ke Kyon Zaroori Hain

Kabhi kabhi, ek source ka koi likhne wala vyakti nahi ho sakta. Udaharan ke liye:

• Ek government report jo kisi ministry dwara published hai
  
  

• Ek NGO ka fact sheet
  
  

• Ek bade organization ki webpage
  
  

• Bina bylines ke ek news summary

Bina kisi vyakti ke naam ke bhi, aapko fir bhi source ko credit dena zaroori hai. Aisa karne se:

• Aapki academic integrity dikhai jaati hai
  
  

• Padhne waale source ko dhundh sakte hain
  
  

• Aapka reference list sangathit aur poora rehta hai

American Psychological Association (APA) ke anusaar, bina authors wale sources ka theek citation ye sunishchit karta hai ki credit us sanstha ya title ko jaata hai jo content ka zimmedar hai, jisse research mein transparency bani rahti hai.

Kaise Citation Styles Missing Authors ko Handle karte hain

Vises udaharanon mein jaane se pehle, ye ek chhoti si jhalak hai ki kaise sabhi citation styles kisi sanstha ko author ke roop mein treat karte hain:

Har style phir in parts ka alag alag format karta hai. Aayein unhe ek ek karke dekhein.

APA (7th Edition): No Author Citations Handle kaise karein

APA style aksar psychology, education, aur social sciences mein use hota hai. American Psychological Association ka kehna hai ki jab koi author uplabdh nahi hai, to aapko kaam ke title ko author position par le aana chahiye.

1. Jab Koi Organization Author hai

Format:

Sanstha Ka Naam. (Varsh). Kaam ka Title. Source ya URL

Udaharan:

World Health Organization. (2021). Global health risks. https://www.who.int/globalhealthrisks

In-text citation:

(World Health Organization, 2021)

Ye tareeqa ye sunishchit karta hai ki padhne wala responsible body tak pahunch sake bhaale hi kisi vyakti ne ise nahi likha ho.

2. Jab Koi Author Bilkul nahi hai

Agar koi individual ya sanstha pehchana nahi ja sakta:

Format:

Kaam ka Title. (Varsh). Source ya URL

Udaharan:

Climate change overview. (2019). https://climate.nasa.gov/resources

In-text citation:

("Climate change overview," 2019)

Agar title lamba hai, to in-text upayog ke liye ise chhota karein.

Udaharan:

(“Climate overview,” 2019)

<ProTip title="💡 Pro Tip:" description="Jab koi author listed nahi ho, hamesha APA references mein title ko author position par le aayein." />

Aap APA Style adhikarik guidelines se in niyamon ko confirm kar sakte hain.

MLA (9th Edition): No Author Citations Handle kaise karein

MLA format asli roop se humanities, jaise literature aur history mein saamanya hai. Modern Language Association ka sujhav hai ki jab koi author nahi hota to dhyaan title par kendrit rahein.

1. Jab Koi Sanstha Author hai

Format:

Sanstha Ka Naam. Kaam Ka Title. Publisher, Varsh, URL.

Udaharan:

World Health Organization. Global Health Risks. WHO, 2021, https://www.who.int/globalhealthrisks

In-text citation:

(World Health Organization 2021)

2. Jab Koi Author nahi hai

Format:

“Title.” Website Name, Varsh, URL.

Udaharan:

“Climate Data.” Environment News, 2020, https://environmentnews.org/climatedata

In-text citation:

(“Climate Data” 2020)

Jab aap apne Works Cited list ko alphabetize karte hain, title pehla tattva ban jaata hai. Article titles ko quotation marks mein rakhein, aur book ya website names ko italicize karein.

<ProTip title="💡 Reminder:" description="MLA mein, hamesha article titles ko quotation marks mein rakhein aur container names jaise books ya websites ko italicize karein." />

Chicago (17th Edition): Notes aur Author-Date Systems

Chicago Manual of Style do systems pradaan karta hai:

• Notes aur Bibliography (jo history aur arts mein istemal hota hai)
  
  

• Author-Date (jo social sciences mein istemal hota hai)

Chaliye dono ko cover karte hain.

1. Notes aur Bibliography System

Agar koi author listed nahi hai, to title ke saath shuru karein.

Footnote Udaharan:

“Climate Change Overview,” 2019, https://example.org/climate

Bibliography Entry:

Climate Change Overview. 2019. https://example.org/climate

Agar title lamba hai, to pehli baar mention karne ke baad footnotes mein ise chhota karein.

2. Author-Date System

Format:

Kaam Ka Title. Varsh. URL.

Udaharan:

Climate Change Overview. 2019. https://example.org/climate

In-text citation:

(Climate Change Overview 2019)

<ProTip title="📚 Pro Tip:" description="Chicago style mein, hamesha standalone works jaise books ya reports ko italicize karein aur chhoti pieces ke liye quotation marks ka upayog karein." />

Harvard Style: No Author References

Harvard referencing vishvavidyalayon aur anveshan sansthaon mein vyaapak roop se upayog hota hai. Ye APA se gribh same hai lekin dates ke liye parantheses ka upayog karta hai.

Format:

Kaam ka Title. Varsh. Website ya Publisher. URL.

Udaharan:

Climate change overview. 2019. Environment News. https://environmentnews.org/climate

In-text citation:

(Climate change overview 2019)

Agar koi tithi uplabdh nahi hai, to “n.d.” ka use karein “no date” ke liye.

Udaharan:

Sustainability insights. n.d. Eco Research Institute. https://ecoresearch.org/sustainability

In-text:

(Sustainability insights n.d.)

<ProTip title="💡 Note:" description="Harvard style mein, missing dates ke liye “n.d.” ka upayog karein aur jab koi author nahi hota to entries title ke saath shuru karein." />

University of Leeds Harvard Guide bina authors wale sources ko cite karne ke liye spasht udaharan pradaan karta hai.

Common Scenarios for No-Author Citations

Yahan kaise sabse vaakya cases ko handle karte hain.

1. Sarkari ya NGO Reports

Jab koi sanstha kaam prakaashit karti hai:

• Sanstha ko author ke roop mein upayog karein.
  
  

• Agar koi author ya sanstha listed nahi, to title ke saath shuru karein.

Udaharan:

• APA: Population health report. (2021). Department of Health. https://health.gov/report
  
  

• MLA: “Population Health Report.” Department of Health, 2021, https://health.gov/report
  
  

• Chicago: Population Health Report. 2021. https://health.gov/report
  
  

• Harvard: Population health report. 2021. Department of Health. https://health.gov/report

<ProTip title="✅ Reminder:" description="Jab publisher aur author wahi sanstha hai, to apne aapko dohrane se bachne ke liye ise sirf ek baar list karein." />

2. Webpages ya Online Articles bina Author ke

Ye online research mein bahut aam hai.

Udaharan:

• APA: Energy conservation tips. (2020). https://energysave.gov/tips
  
  

• MLA: “Energy Conservation Tips.” Energy Save, 2020, https://energysave.gov/tips
  
  

• Chicago: Energy Conservation Tips. 2020. https://energysave.gov/tips
  
  

• Harvard: Energy conservation tips. 2020. Energy Save. https://energysave.gov/tips

Agar koi prakaashan tithi nahi di gayi:

• APA: “n.d.” ka upayog karein
  
  

• MLA: tithi ko bilkul mat likho
  
  

• Chicago aur Harvard: “n.d.” ka upayog karein

3. Books ya Reports jinhe “Anonymous” naam diya gaya ho

Kabhi kabhi karya jaan bujhkar Anonymous ke roop mein chinhit kiya jata hai.

Is sthiti mein, “Anonymous” ko author naam ke roop mein upayog karein.

Udaharan (APA):

Anonymous. (2018). Confidential memoirs. Random House.

In-text:

(Anonymous, 2018)

Udaharan (MLA):

Anonymous. Confidential Memoirs. Random House, 2018.

4. Corporate ya Institutional Authors

Jab author ek company, university, ya agency ho, hamesha poora organization naam likhein.

Udaharan:

• (American Red Cross, 2022)
  
  

• (NASA, 2023)
  
  

• (World Bank, 2021)

Checklist: Missing Authors handle kaise karein

Finalizing karne se pehle apne references ki quick checklist ka upayog karein:

<ProTip title="📝 Quick Tip:" description="Hamesha apne in-text citations ko apne reference list entry ke sath poori tarah milayein, wahi pehla tattva, wahi varsh." />

Practical Application: Real-World Example

Maaniye ki aap climate data par ek research paper likh rahe hain, aur aapko ek webpage milta hai jise Climate Facts 2022 kaha jaata hai, jiska koi listed author nahi hai, jo ki United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) dwara prakaashit hai.

Yahan kaise aap ise styles mein cite karte:

Har style sanstha naam ya title ko priority deta hai jo bhi missing ho.

Troubleshooting No-Author Citations

Agar aap nishchit nahi hain ki kisi source ko kaise vargikrit kiya jaaye, to ye checks upayog karein:

1. Head ya footer check karein: kabhi kabhi sanstha naam wahan hota hai.

2. URL dekhein: domain (.gov, .org) aksar entity ko darshata hai.

3. Copyright notice dhundhein: isme waaris publisher shamil ho sakta hai.

4. Title ka upayog sirf antim upay ke roop mein: agar bilkul koi author ya entity nahi hai.

Best Practices for Citing Anonymous ya No-Author Sources

Aapke kaam ko consistent aur professional banane ke liye ye aadiat aapiayein:

• Consistent rahiye: Apne document ke dauraan wahi tareeqa upayog karein.
  
  

• Wahi title version upayog karein: Citations mein shortened aur full versions ke beech switch mat karein.
  
  

• Formatting ko identical rakhein: Italics, quotation marks, aur punctuation ko aapke chune huye style ke anusar rakhein.
  
  

• Capitalization ki double check karein: APA aur Harvard sentence case ka upayog karte hain, MLA aur Chicago title case ka upayog karte hain.

<ProTip title="🔍 Pro Tip:" description="Agar aapke source ke paas koi tithi nahi, koi author nahi, aur koi title nahi hai, to ye aam taur par avishwasniya hai. Ek mazboot reference dhundhne ki soch karein." />

Ye Vyavahaar Mein Kaise Kaam Karega

Jab aap bina author ke cite kaise karna seekhte hain, aap apni credibility ko researcher ke roop mein surakshit karte hain. Aap anya logon ko aapki jaankar dekhne mein aasani bhi dete hain.

Ye tanik takeaway hai:

• Agar koi corporate author hai, to uska upyog karein.
  
  

• Agar nahi, to title ka upyog karein.
  
  

• Agar koi date nahi hai, to n.d. likhein.
  
  

• Aapke chune huye style guide ke sath formatting check hamesha karein.

In kadamon ke sath, aapke citations saaf, consistent, aur professional bane rahenge, chahe source kitna hi mushkil kyun na ho.

Successfully Handling Sources Without an Author

Bina authors wale sources ko cite karna saadha ho jaata hai jab aap logic samajh lete hain: author ke naam ko agle pehchaan ke tattva, jo aksar title ya sanstha hota hai, se badalne ka viklap hota hai.

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Chahe aap APA, MLA, Chicago, ya Harvard use karein, siddhant wahi rehta hai: sunishchit karein ki padhne wale aapke source ko spasht aur aasani se trace kar sakte hain. Proper citations aapki writing ko majboot, adhik vishwasniya aur academically honest banaate hain.