Dwara
Justin Wong
—
AMA Style Guide: Medical Writing ke liye Formatting aur Citation Rules
Justin Wong
Vikas Prabhari
Graduated kiya Bachelor's me Global Business & Digital Arts, Minor me Entrepreneurship
AMA style woh hai jisme medicine likhi jati hai, aur isse samjhane wale zyadatar free guides ek hi jagah par adhure hain. AMA style ke bare mein sabse zyada khoja jane wala sawal ye hai ki in-text citations kaise kaam karte hain, aur kai top ranking pages par is par koi section hi nahi hai. Kuch abhi bhi 10th edition ke formats dikhate hain jo 2020 mein retire ho chuke the.
Ye complete version hai: superscript numbering kaise kaam karti hai, ye comma ke sath kahan baithti hai, twelve source types ke liye reference format, 11th edition mein aakhir kya badla, aur manuscript ke rules jo manual ka sabse bada hissa hain.
<CTA title="Write in AMA Style Without Formatting Every Reference by Hand" description="Jenni builds your reference list as you write and keeps the numbering in order" buttonLabel="Try Jenni Free" link="https://app.jenni.ai/register" />
AMA Style Kya Hai?
AMA style ek editorial standard hai jo AMA Manual of Style mein diya gaya hai, jo ab apne 11th edition mein hai, ise JAMA Network ki ek editorial committee ne likha hai aur ise February 2020 mein Oxford University Press ne publish kiya tha. Iska istemal medicine, nursing, pharmacy, public health, aur biomedical research mein kiya jata hai.
Ye samajhna zaroori hai ki ye citation format se kitna bada hai. Is manual mein 23 chapters hain, aur unme se sirf ek references ke bare mein hai. Baki hissa grammar, punctuation, capitalization, preferred usage, abbreviations, nomenclature, units of measure, numbers, study design aur statistics, aur inclusive language ko cover karta hai. Jab koi journal kehta hai ki woh AMA style ko follow karta hai, toh woh in sabhi cheezon ko manane ka wada karta hai, sirf reference list ko nahi.
Vancouver se iska kya talluq hai. Ye dono aapas mein jude hain par bilkul ek jaise nahi hain. AMA Vancouver system par bana hai, isliye dono mein hi citations ko unke dikhne ke order mein number kiya jata hai na ki alphabetical order mein. Farq scope aur detail ka hai: Vancouver aur ICMJE recommendations citation format ko govern karte hain, jabki AMA ek complete style guide hai. Formatting mein bhi farq hai, sabse bada farq ye hai ki AMA journal titles ko italicize karta hai aur Vancouver nahi karta.
Ek confusion ko dur karna zaroori hai. Manual ka online edition continuously update hota rehta hai, isliye aapko Oxford page par haal hi ka copyright year dikhega. Iska matlab ye nahi hai ki 12th edition aa gaya hai. Current edition abhi bhi 11th hi hai.
AMA In-Text Citations Kaise Kaam Karte Hain
Citations superscript arabic numerals hote hain. Koi brackets nahi, koi parentheses nahi, aur number se pehle koi space nahi. Sources ko unke text mein pehli baar aane ke order mein number kiya jata hai, aur ek baar kisi source ko number mil jaye toh pure document mein wahi number rehta hai, chahe aap use kitni hi baar cite karein.
Jis jagah par log galti karte hain woh hai punctuation. AMA ka ek specific rule hai aur ye baki numbered styles jaisa nahi hai.
Situation | Rule | Example |
Sentence ke aakhir mein | Number period (full stop) ke baad aata hai | Statin therapy reduced major vascular events.1 |
Sentence ke beech mein, comma par | Number comma ke baad aata hai | Two trials reported no benefit,2,3 whereas a later meta-analysis did.4 |
Colon ya semicolon par | Number isse pehle aata hai | To err is human1; to forgive, divine.2 |
Ek sath do sources | Unke beech comma, bina kisi space ke | The association is well documented.1,2 |
Teen ya zyada ek sath sequence mein | Ek hyphenated range | Several cohort studies agree.3-8 |
Ek mixed set | Commas aur ranges ko combine karein | The evidence is consistent.1,3-8,19 |
Ek specific page | Number, phir parentheses mein page, bina space ke | As Smith et al5(p179) noted, the effect was durable. |
Pages ke sath kai sources | Page range ke liye pp ka istemal karein | Both reviews concur.4,6(pp23,30),11 |
Jab aap sentence mein authors ke naam likhte hain, toh sirf surnames ka istemal karein. Do ya zyada authors ke liye, "Smith et al" ya "Smith and colleagues" likhein. Dhyan dein ki AMA et al ke baad period nahi lagata, aur yahi rule eg aur ie par bhi apply hota hai.
<ProTip title="🔢 Numbering:" description="Never renumber references by hand after you insert a new citation in the middle of a draft. Renumber from the reference manager or the citation tool, because manual renumbering is the most common source of mismatched references in a submitted manuscript" />
Reference List Kaise Format Hoti Hai
Is list ka heading References hota hai aur ye pehle citation ke numerical order mein dikhta hai. Isko alphabetize mat karein. AMA mein koi hanging indent nahi hota, jo APA se aane wale logon ko hairan karta hai, aur runover line seedhe left margin par wapas aa jati hai.
Ek reference ko left se right padhte hue, ye iske parts aur unse jude rules hain.
Article title. Sentence case, italic nahi, aur koi quotation marks nahi.
Journal title. Italicized aur abbreviated us form mein jo NLM Catalog mein use hoti hai. Single word titles jaise ki Pediatrics ko abbreviate nahi kiya jata.
Year, volume, issue, pages. Bina kisi space ke ek sath likhein, is pattern mein: Year;volume(issue):pages.
DOI. Lowercase doi, ek colon, phir string, bina kisi space ke aur aakhir mein koi period nahi. 11th edition ne us aakhiri period ko hata diya taaki URLs aur DOIs copy karte waqt break na hon.
Book aur journal titles title case aur italic hote hain. Article aur chapter titles sentence case aur roman hote hain. Ye split pure style mein barkarar rehta hai.
Source Type ke Hisab se AMA Reference Examples
Ye woh formats hain jinhe aap sabse zyada use karenge. Har ek example 11th edition ko follow karta hai.
Source type | AMA 11th edition ka example |
Journal article, ek se che authors | Beran RG, Braley TJ, Segal BM, Chervin RD. Sleep-disordered breathing in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2013;80(14):1354-1355. |
Journal article, saat ya zyada authors | Magee T, Peters C, Jacobsen SM, et al. Inequities in the treatment of opioid use disorder: a scoping review. J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2023;152:209082. doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209082 |
DOI ke sath Journal article | Chamberlain Mitchell SAF, Garrod R, Clark L, et al. Physiotherapy, and speech and language therapy intervention for patients with refractory chronic cough. Thorax. 2017;72(2):129-136. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208843 |
Poori book | Shepard TH. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 7th ed. Johns Hopkins University Press; 1992. |
Edited book mein chapter | Boushey CJ. Application of research paradigms to nutrition practice. In: Coulston AM, Boushey CJ, Ferruzzi MG, eds. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. 3rd ed. Academic Press; 2013:99-105. |
Website ya web page | Suicide prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published October 19, 2022. Accessed November 22, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/ |
Government ya organization report | US Government Accountability Office. Reported Status of Department of Defense Enterprise Resource Planning Systems. 2012. GAO-12-565R. Accessed April 2, 2012. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-565R |
Online article bina DOI ke | Kapur VK. Obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis, epidemiology, and economics. Respir Care. 2010;55(9):1155-1167. Accessed November 8, 2011. http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/09.10/09.10.1155.pdf |
Preprint | Morozova O, Li ZR, Crawford FW. A model for COVID-19 transmission in Connecticut. medRxiv. Preprint posted online June 16, 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.20126391 |
Package insert | Byetta. Package insert. Amylin Pharmaceuticals; 2008. |
Conference presentation ya poster | Nevidomskyte D, Meissner MH, Tran N, Murray S, Farrokhi E. Influence of gender on abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the community. Poster presented at: Vascular Annual Meeting; June 5-7, 2014; Boston, MA. |
Repository mein Dataset | Cutter AD, Gray JC. Data from: Ephemeral ecological speciation and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient. Dryad Digital Repository. Deposited August 17, 2016. doi:10.5061/dryad.734v9 |
Mushkil cases par do baatein. Repository data ke liye, AMA aapse deposit ke sath-sath original source ko bhi cite karne ke liye kehta hai. Statistical software ke liye, manual reference ki jagah in-text mention ki ijazat deta hai, is form mein: "All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc)".
<ProTip title="🏷️ Abbreviations:" description="Look up every journal abbreviation in the NLM Catalog rather than guessing from the full title. Guessed abbreviations are the second most common reference error after wrong author counts" />
10th Edition se 11th Edition mein Kya Badla
Ye sunne se zyada important hai, kyunki bahut saari university style pages 10th edition ke liye likhi gayi thin aur unhe kabhi update nahi kiya gaya. Agar aap unme se kisi se format copy karte hain, toh aap aise references bana rahe hain jo 2019 mein sahi the.
Paanch badlaav lagbhag saare farq ko samajhne ke liye kaafi hain.
Publisher location ab nahi hai. 11th edition ne city ko hata diya hai. Ab ye "Academic Press; 2013" hai, na ki "San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2013".
Accessed date ki jagah badal gayi. Ab ye URL ke pehle aata hai, uske baad nahi.
DOI ya URL ke baad koi terminal period nahi. Ise isliye badla gaya taaki trailing period copy karte waqt links break na hon.
DOI formatting tight ki gayi. Lowercase, colon ke baad koi space nahi, aur kisi "https://doi.org/" wrapper ki zaroorat nahi.
Inclusive language guidance ko kaafi badhaya gaya hai, jise niche cover kiya gaya hai.
<ProTip title="🕰️ Edition check:" description="If a style guide you are reading shows a publisher city in a book reference, it is written for the 10th edition. Close it and find another one" />
Manuscript Formatting Rules
Sabse pehle, ek sachhi warning jise zyadatar guides skip kar dete hain. AMA student paper format prescribe nahi karta. Ye manual un authors ke liye likha gaya hai jo journals mein submit karte hain, isliye ye title pages, fonts, margins, ya running heads ke bare mein bahut kam batata hai. Kisi university page par 12 point Times New Roman aur aapke student ID ke sath title page ke bare mein jo bhi instructions milti hain, woh us institution ka apna niyam hai, AMA ka rule nahi. Aapke instructor ya target journal jo bhi kahein, use follow karein, aur ye mat maan lijiye ki dono ek hi baat par agree karte hain.
Manual jis cheez ko govern karta hai, aur jise aapko consistently apply karna chahiye:
Numbers. Pure text mein numerals ka istemal karein, un numbers ke liye bhi jo das se kam hain. Exceptions hain woh numbers jo sentence ya title shuru karte hain, common fractions, aur ordinals first se ninth tak.
Abbreviations. Pehli baar use karte waqt expand karein, chahe term kitna hi jana-pechana kyun na ho, phir abbreviation use karein. Acronyms ke andar koi periods nahi. Running text mein state ke naamon ko poora likhein.
Units. SI units, numeral aur unit ke beech ek space ke sath. Bade numbers mein koi comma nahi hota, isliye ye 1,600 km ke bajaye 1600 km likha jata hai.
Quotations. Char lines se lamba quotation bina quotation marks ke block quote ke roop mein set kiya jata hai. Kisi bhi aisi cheez ke liye square brackets ka istemal karein jo aap khud quotation mein insert karte hain.
Agar aap lagatar styles badal rahe hain, toh ye dhyan dene layak hai ki ye rules kitne alag hain. APA mein author rules aur MLA aur Chicago ke beech ke farq yahan apply nahi hote, aur na hi Nature reference style yahan chalta hai, chahe Nature bhi numbered citations ka istemal karta ho.
AMA Style mein Inclusive Language
Manual ka Chapter 11 correct aur preferred usage ko cover karta hai, aur logon ko describe karne par iska guidance is poore style ka sabse useful hissa hai, jise free citation guides mein sabse kam cover kiya jata hai.
Core principles, jaise manual aur library guides unhe batate hain:
Default ke roop mein Person-first language, isliye label ke bajaye "a person with paraplegia" kahein. Identity-first language ka istemal wahan karein jahan concerned community use prefer karti hai, jaise "autistic person".
Logon ke bare mein likhte waqt "males" aur "females" ka nouns ke roop mein istemal na karein. Yeh adjectives hain.
"the elderly" ya "seniors" ke bajaye "older adults" ko prefer karein.
Sex aur gender mein farq karein, aur report karein ki aapne aakhir kis cheez ko measure kiya hai.
Singular "they" accepted hai.
Racial descriptors ke roop mein use hone par Black aur White ko capitalize karein, aur "Caucasian" se bachein.
Populations ko describe karte waqt "poor" ke bajaye "low income" ko prefer karein.
In sabke peeche ka general rule ye hai ki identity assign karne ke bajaye us cheez ko describe karein jo measure ki gayi thi. Ye wahi discipline hai jo kisi claim ko uske evidence ke andar rakhta hai, par ye data ke bajaye logon par apply hota hai.
<ProTip title="💬 Word choice:" description="Search your finished draft for the words elderly, males, females, and Caucasian before you submit. Those four turn up in almost every first draft written by somebody new to AMA" />
Paanch Galtiyan Jo Aapko Pakadwa Sakti Hain
Editors in galtiyon ko turant pakad lete hain, aur final pass mein in sabse bacha ja sakta hai.
1. Bachi hui 10th edition formats. Ek publisher city, URL ke baad ki accessed date, ya DOI ke baad period. Inme se koi bhi aapki reference list ko purana dikha sakta hai.
2. Punctuation ki galat side par superscripts. Periods aur commas ke baad, colons aur semicolons ke pehle. Ye ek choti si cheez hai jo ye batati hai ki kya aapne sach mein style ko padha hai.
3. APA author threshold ko import karna. APA aur AMA alag-alag author counts par cut off karte hain. AMA che tak ke sabhi authors ko list karta hai, phir pehle teen plus et al par switch karta hai.
4. Reference list ko alphabetize karna, ya hanging indent add karna. Dono hi AMA mein nahi hote. List citation order mein hoti hai aur runover lines flush left hoti hain.
5. Guessed journal abbreviations. Abbreviations NLM Catalog se aate hain, aur ek sahi lagne wala shortcut bhi galat ho sakta hai. Woh titles jo single word hain, poore hi rehte hain.
Jenni mein AMA Style Kaise Apply Karein
References ko hath se format karne mein hi sabse zyada waqt jata hai, aur ye wahi hissa hai jise automate karna chahiye.
Step 1. Document set up karein. Jis piece ko aap likh rahe hain use describe karein, is baat ke sath ki ise AMA style ki zaroorat hai, taaki draft author-date ke bajaye numbered citations ke sath aaye.
Step 2. Citation style chunein. Style selector Zotero CSL Style Repository ko search karta hai, jisme das hazar se zyada styles hain, jisme AMA Manual of Style 11th edition bhi shamil hai. Defaults mein dhundhne ke bajaye use wahan search karein, aur set karein ki aap kitne sources chahte hain.
Step 3. Headings generate karein. Kisi bhi prose ke likhne se pehle outline taiyar karein, taaki citations un sections se jud sakein jo pehle se hi apne final order mein hain. Ye numbered style mein author-date style se zyada important hai, kyunki kisi section ko baad mein move karne se uske baad ki har cheez renumber ho jati hai.
Step 4. Identifier ke zariye apne sources layein. Har paper ko uske PMID, DOI, ya ISBN se add karein, ya Zotero, Mendeley, BibTeX, ya RIS se apni existing library import karein. Identifier se pull karne ka matlab hai ki author list aur page range sahi aate hain, jisse woh do fields bach jate hain jahan log sabse zyada typing mistakes karte hain.
Step 5. Output ko is page se check karein. Koi bhi tool style ki knowledge ka substitute nahi hai. Upar diye gaye examples se teen references ko spot check karein, khaskar author count aur journal abbreviation, aur confirm karein ki har ek source aisa ho jiska aap bachaav kar sakein agar koi editor pooche.
Style ko Sahi Karein, Phir Iske Bare Mein Sochna Band Karein
Kisi house style ka maqsad formatting ko invisible banana hota hai taaki reader apna dhyan argument par de sake. AMA ise baki styles se behtar karta hai, kyunki numbered system running text ko saaf rakhta hai, aur manual lagbhag har sawal ko solve kar deta hai jahan aap sochne ke liye ruk sakte hain. Nuksan ye hai ki rules bade specific hain aur bahut saare hain.
<CTA title="Let the References Format Themselves" description="Write in AMA style with citations numbered and built as you go, then check them against the source" buttonLabel="Try Jenni Free" link="https://app.jenni.ai/register" />
Upar di gayi reference table ko bookmark karein, journal abbreviations ko guess karne ke bajaye look up karein, aur kisi bhi guide ko check karein ki kahin usme publisher city toh nahi likhi. Ye teen cheezein karein aur aapki reference list editors tak pahunchne wali zyadatar lists se saaf hogi.